MarkBook®     section 7-6
MarkBook's Two Weight Screens

Reach these screens from MarkBook's Main Operating screen, section 3-1, using the Weight button at the lower left or by clicking on the Weight button in several other MarkBook screens. Use these Weight screens to adjust the importance or value or scale of any single assessment OR the weight of any category/strand towards the overall grade.



Preamble
Controlling the value or importance of entries and categories towards the overall grade is of prime concern to teachers. For instance, teachers know that two tests for two equivalent curriculum units should have nearly equal value in the calculation of the overall grade. But implementation can be difficult. Those two tests may have been out of 43 and 82 respectively. How does a teacher ensure that they are weighted equally? With MarkBook and this Weight screen, equal weighting (or re-weighting later) is easy! Similarly, teachers may want to edit the weight, or zero-weight  formative and summative items after-the-fact. Again, this is easily accomplished.

There are three distinct weighting methods within MarkBook. Any may be selected - usually at the time the class is set up. For Evidence of Most Recent Achievement, we recommend using an appropriate Progressive Weighting method to accomplish this objective. Progressive Weighting will work in conjunction with both of the other methods. At the user's discretion, weighting also applies in MarkBook's calculation of average, mode and median.

The Entry Weight Method
The Entry Weight Method most closely resembles what many teachers normally do using a manual system - they make the weight of each assessment equal to the base (the "out of") for that assessment. Relative value is controlled by the size of the base. For instance, all labs are given a base of 5 marks, essays are 25 each, unit tests are 40, and so on. A teacher using this method adds up all scores, divides by the total base, and arrives at an overall percentage for each student. If students and parents attempt to calculate grades, Entry Weight is the method that they will use to determine the overall percentage.

There are problems with the Entry Weight Method. As in the example above, items which should be equivalent are not handled properly: the two tests out of 43 and 82 are NOT equivalent using this method! The second test counts almost twice as much as the first. Secondly, an educator using the Entry Weight Method cannot predict in advance how much each type of assessment will count for in the overall final grade calculation. For instance, an educator may say at the start of a course that tests will count for 25%. However, at the end of the course, the Entry Weight Method may produce a result with tests counting for 16%. Or 40%!

To make the Entry Weight Method work in MarkBook, enter the same Weight number as the base mark. That is, if a test is out of 25, give it a weight of 25. Keeping the ‘Weight = Out of’ button on makes this easy.

MarkBook can easily fix these Entry Weight Method problems. Tests can be given equal weights even if they have different base marks. The weight of all assessments can be adjusted to make their collective value equal to what was predicted at the beginning of the course.

The Category Weight Method
The Category Weight Method is what most course descriptions claim is the method of evaluation. That is, each category will count for a fixed, pre-determined percentage of the overall mark or grade. For example, an instructor may start a science course with a commitment that labs will count for 20% of the final mark, essays 15%, a project 10%, unit tests 30%, and an exam 25%. MarkBook guarantees that this breakdown will be met. That is, a teacher may enter these target percentages for each category when the class is first set up (or at any time later!). As each assessment entry is recorded, the teacher will classify it into a category and MarkBook will automatically maintain the committed percentage of that category towards the overall grade. Of course, if a change is warranted in the weight of any item or category, a MarkBook user can make that change at any time.

The Equal Weight Method
MarkBook will also do a calculation with all assessment items counting equally. This is called the Equal Weight Method. Category weights are ignored in this calculation. Suppose there are 50 entries in a variety of categories. In this case, each will count for 2% of the overall grade regardless of their base mark or their category. Zero-weighted items (i.e. deleted items) don't count.

The Progressi
ve Weight Method for Evidence of Most Recent Achievement
There is a variation of both Weighting methods that we call the Progressive Weight Method. This method counts recent assessments more heavily than older ones. There is considerable variation in the way it's used, but the idea is to pay more attention to what a learner has demonstrated recently as opposed to what they demonstrated some time ago. A final exam at the end of the year/course counting for 100% of the overall grade is an example of the Progressive Weight method at its extreme. Two methods are described below for implementing any Progressive Weight system using MarkBook.


WEIGHTING CATEGORIES
The example below shows the Category Weights for a science class. Note that the assessments have been classified into several Categories (aka "Strands"). Category descriptions are user defined and may have a maximum of eight letters. Each Mark Set may have up to 30 categories. With 100 Mark Sets possible for each class in MarkBook, there are potentially 30 X 100 = 3000 categories for use in any class. These categories were created from the Main Operating Screen, section 3-1 by clicking on Mark Set in the upper menu bar and then selecting Edit [subject]. This weighting screen allows one to alter the weights of all categories including a weight of zero. Note the category called Misc. By clicking on a number in the Target column, a user can editing the Target weight of the selected category. Type the change and push Enter.

Category Weight Screen

If not already done during Setup for this class, you may assign OR edit category weights here. Click on any category's Target number. A small edit box opens as per this example. Type in an integer or a single decimal to edit the existing value. Push Enter on the keyboard and repeat for any other categories until done. The sum of the Target weights does NOT have to total 100. The maximum Target for any category is 999. MarkBook will convert each of the weights entered to a percent in the Actual% column based on the pro-rata contribution of each category to the Target total. If there is no assessment in a category, the category will be automatically counted as zero in the Actual% column until it receives one or more assessments.

This teacher could intentionally set any of the categories to count as zero by editing the Target to zero. Any category weighted at zero can be used to store data such as mid-term report for future reference. Since the category has no weight, these stored marks do not contribute to the current overall grade.

Sometimes, a category weight is mandated to two decimals. For instance, it may be necessary to count the Labs category as 8.75% of the overall grade. In this case, double all of the Target percentages so that labs count for a Target of 17.5 out of a Target total of 200. MarkBook will then report the correct 8.75% in the Actual% column.

The pie graph gives you a visual of the current status of your weightings. The selected category (Qu Tests in this example) is shown as an exploded sector on the pie graph.

To change Weighting Method, click the appropriate cell at the lower left. To change from the Entry Weight method to the Category Weight method, you must have at least one category already set up. No matter which method is selected, use the Check for Problems button to warn you of potential difficulties.

WEIGHTING INDIVIDUAL ENTRIES
To change the weight or value of an individual assessment, select its category as in the screen above, and click on the upper tab labeled Edit Weights for Entries in ... You will get this screen:

Individual Entry Weight Screen

Check the relative weights for all assessments within that category. In this sample, the left window lists all of the assessments in the highlighted "Assmts" category. Use the vertical scroll bar to view any selected item. Each assessment has a weight (Wt.) column. These weights can be altered and the Weight Table at the right of the screen presents some examples of what higher and lower weights will do to assessment # 28 if you adjust the current weight in the Wt. column up or down from its current value of 30. Note that the eight integers displayed are lower and higher than 30 by 10%, 20%, 50% and 75%. Click on any number in the Wt. column that you wish to adjust, type the new weight, and click Enter on your keyboard. Or, double click a displayed weight in the Weight Table to replace a highlighted weight.

In the Options section at the lower right, choose a selection by clicking on it. Permanent Save will save your new weights until you decide to alter them again. Cancel if you do not wish to keep the new weightings just created. Temporary Save will hold your new weightings temporarily to enable an examination of their effects in other screens. Return to this screen and click Permanent Save if you wish to keep the new settings. Or, click Restore to return to your previous weight settings.

Return to the category weights screen by clicking the Edit Category Weights tab at the upper left.

Message from the Check For Problems Button MarkBook will identify potential problems when you click on any Check for Problems button. In this first example, the total of category weights is not 100. Similarly, messages will appear about zero-weighted items, zero-weighted categories, etc.

Message Meaning Single Entry Too Large
If there is a single item that "overpowers" all others within a category, MarkBook will identify it. In this example, the item is so heavily weighted that it dominates the category. If this is not intended, go to the Edit Weights for Entries in .... screen above and edit the weights of the items in this category to provide a better balance.

THE PROGRESSIVE WEIGHT METHOD for Evidence of Most Recent Achievement
This weighting method is based on the position that current and most recent student work should receive greater consideration towards the overall/final mark than work done many months ago. Whether you agree with this position or not, you have the means of creating a Progressive Weight system with MarkBook.

Many teachers already use progressive weighting without realizing it. How often have you divided your course into equal parts (terms, semesters, quarters, etc.) and given increasing weights (e.g. Term 1 - 25%, Term 2 - 35%, Term 3 - 40%) to these time blocks? On what basis do you justify increasing the value of the later time blocks?

A proponent of progressive weighting will use an example similar to the following: The proponent further argues is that this is the way evaluation should work in our educational system! It shouldn't matter how many mistakes and poor performance assessments have occurred in the past. These are just Formative Assessments. As long as the student demonstrates an acceptable standard at the end of the unit or course on a Summative Assessment, they should receive a final mark commensurate with their most recent performance. Of course, a 100% final exam, like the driver's test above, is a progressive weighting technique applied to its fullest extent.

Progressive weighting is valid in skill development. Suppose such a skill is to learn the addition of integers. In September, a young student cannot add two integers and fails the monthly test. The same situation applies for many more months producing a string of failing grades for this student. However, in the last month of school, the student finally figures out how addition works and can repeatedly and accurately add strings of large integers. Should this student receive a failing grade because they failed 90% of the monthly tests? Or should they receive an excellent overall final grade that reflects their real skill on this objective at the end of the course? Clearly, the latter is appropriate.

Progressive evaluation is questionable in evaluating cognitive knowledge or skill development covering a host of objectives. Should a secondary school Phys Ed student pass a course after failing the first six units and passing only the last one? Would you want abdominal surgery from a physician who failed all aspects of anatomy and surgery but passed psychiatry at the end of the medical school? Would the proponent of progressive weighting be completely comfortable taking a long car ride as a passenger with our new driver?

Progressive Weighting Using Entry Weights

The first way to use MarkBook for progressive weighting is to select an ever-increasing weight for assessments within selected categories. Note the numbers in the Wt. column in the following example.

Progressive Weight Screen


Within the Labs category, this teacher is teaching a skill - how to write good lab reports. The skill is being measured exclusively in the Labs category. The labs were entered in chronological order and each lab counts for ~20% more in weight than the previous one.

How "fast" you wish to increment the weights is up to you or your school system. Use the chart at the right of the screen to estimate how much weight to give the next assessment. In this example, the question is how much weight to give assessment #27 above. By selecting the previous entry, #18 with a weight of 17, the Weight Table chart shows eight weight integers approximately 10%, 20%, 50% and 75% above AND below 16. "20" is ~20% higher than 17. Now click on #27 and edit its weight from 1 to 20. As each new weight is edited in this progressive manner, the contribution of all previous entries decreases but the weight of the whole "Labs" category remains fixed at its pre-determined target.

Note that it doesn't matter what the base mark or "Out of" was for each item in this category. In the example above, entry #6 may have been scored out of 100 and entry #17 scored out of 5. However, weighted as shown, entry #17 counts for ~40% more than entry #6 regardless of the base. Note the summary numbers in the % of Cat. and % of SEN columns.

This teacher has copied some of these same lab entries into other categories using MarkBook's Cloning capability - see section 7-2 and section 7-3. Since these are cognitive knowledge categories, progressive weighting was not used.

As above, use a button in the Options box to the right to return to your previous screen.

Progressive Weighting Using Category Weights

A second way to implement progressive weighting is through the creation of specific categories. Each Mark Set may have as many as 30 categories. It's possible to set up categories to cover specific time periods. For instance, Labs1 and Labs2 or Tests1 and Tests2 would be categories covering entries for two terms. Enter data into the appropriate category term. Then weight the second term categories more heavily than the first to achieve progressive weighting.

Progressive Weighting Using Mark Sets

The Reports Menu A third way to implement Progressive Weighting is through the use of Mark Sets. See class 8D in the sample classes provided as in section 1-2. This class has two subjects, each with three terms. The assessment data is divided into 2 X 3 = 6 independent Mark Sets. See section 4-3 for details on Mark Sets. Select Reports in the menu bar and then select Combined Mark Sets. Or click the Combined Report button on the main screen. Click on the Set Weighting tab to get the following screen.

Progressive Weighting Using Mark Sets


Click any number in the Target column to edit the weight. This teacher has set weightings to make term 3 count for as much as terms 1 and 2 combined. It's also possible to zero-weighted the first and second terms by editing the Target to 0. In that case, only term 3 would count towards the final grade. It's also possible to isolate a grade for Math by weighting all Science Mark Sets to zero.

Manual: go to section 7-7 to see how to analyze individual assessments.


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